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What Are Greenhouses Used For

Written By Wednesday, 18 May 2022 Add Comment Edit

Edifice made importantly of transparent material in which plants are grown

A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if with sufficient heating, a hothouse) is a structure with walls and roof fabricated chiefly of transparent textile, such equally glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.[1] These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known equally a common cold frame. The interior of a greenhouse exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the external temperature, protecting its contents in common cold weather.

Young tomato plants for transplanting in an industrial-sized greenhouse in the Netherlands

Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting, and may exist controlled by a computer to optimize conditions for establish growth. Different techniques are then used to evaluate optimality degrees and comfort ratio of greenhouses, such every bit air temperature, relative humidity and vapour-force per unit area deficit, in society to reduce production chance prior to cultivation of a specific ingather.

History [edit]

The idea of growing plants in environmentally controlled areas has existed since Roman times. The Roman emperor Tiberius ate a cucumber-like vegetable daily.[ii] The Roman gardeners used artificial methods (similar to the greenhouse system) of growing to have information technology bachelor for his table every solar day of the year. Cucumbers were planted in wheeled carts which were put in the sun daily, then taken within to keep them warm at dark. The cucumbers were stored under frames or in cucumber houses glazed with either oiled cloth known as specularia or with sheets of selenite (a.chiliad.a. lapis specularis), according to the clarification past Pliny the Elderberry.[3] [4]

The first description of a heated greenhouse is from the Sanga Yorok, a treatise on husbandry compiled by a imperial dr. of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s, in its affiliate on cultivating vegetables during winter. The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse that is capable of cultivating vegetables, forcing flowers, and ripening fruit within an artificially heated environment, by utilizing ondol, the traditional Korean underfloor heating system, to maintain oestrus and humidity; cob walls to retain heat; and semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to allow calorie-free penetration for constitute growth and provide protection from the outside environment. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating ondol were constructed to provide heat for mandarin orangish trees during the winter of 1438.[5]

The concept of greenhouses also appeared in kingdom of the netherlands and then England in the 17th century, along with the plants. Some of these early attempts required enormous amounts of work to shut upwards at nighttime or to winterize. There were serious problems with providing adequate and balanced heat in these early greenhouses. The first 'stove' (heated) greenhouse in the U.k. was completed at Chelsea Physic Garden by 1681.[6] Today, the Netherlands has many of the largest greenhouses in the world, some of them so vast that they are able to produce millions of vegetables every yr.

Experimentation with greenhouse blueprint continued during the 17th century in Europe, every bit technology produced better glass and construction techniques improved. The greenhouse at the Palace of Versailles was an case of their size and elaborateness; it was more than 150 metres (490 ft) long, 13 metres (43 ft) wide, and 14 metres (46 ft) high.

A heated greenhouse, or "hothouse", In Macon, Georgia c. 1877

The French botanist Charles Lucien Bonaparte is often credited with building the outset practical modernistic greenhouse in Leiden, Holland, during the 1800s to grow medicinal tropical plants.[seven] Originally simply on the estates of the rich, the growth of the science of botany caused greenhouses to spread to the universities. The French called their first greenhouses orangeries, since they were used to protect orange copse from freezing. Equally pineapples became pop, pineries, or pineapple pits, were built.

19th century [edit]

The golden era of the greenhouse was in England during the Victorian era, where the largest glasshouses notwithstanding conceived were constructed; ones with sufficient acme for sizeable trees were often called palm houses. These were normally in public gardens and parks. These were a stage in the 19th-century evolution of glass and iron compages, which was also widely used in railway stations, markets, exhibition halls, and other big buildings needing a large and open internal area. I of the primeval examples of a palm business firm is in the Belfast Botanic Gardens. Designed by Charles Lanyon, the edifice was completed in 1840. It was synthetic by iron-maker Richard Turner, who would later build the Palm House, Kew Gardens at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, in 1848. This came shortly afterwards the Chatsworth Groovy Solarium (1837-40) and shortly before The Crystal Palace (1851), both designed by Joseph Paxton, and both now lost.[eight]

Other large greenhouses built in the 19th century included the New York Crystal Palace, Munich's Glaspalast and the Royal Greenhouses of Laeken (1874–1895) for Male monarch Leopold II of Belgium. In Japan, the first greenhouse was built in 1880 by Samuel Cocking, a British merchant who exported herbs.

20th century [edit]

In the 20th century, the geodesic dome was added to the many types of greenhouses. Notable examples are the Eden Project in Cornwall, The Rodale Institute[9] in Pennsylvania, the Climatron at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky.[10] The pyramid is some other popular shape for big, loftier greenhouses; there are several pyramidal greenhouses at the Muttart Conservatory in Alberta (c, 1976).

Greenhouse structures adapted in the 1960s when wider sheets of polyethylene (polythene) film became widely available. Hoop houses were made by several companies and were also frequently fabricated by the growers themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or fifty-fifty just lengths of steel or PVC water piping, construction costs were greatly reduced. This resulted in many more than greenhouses beingness constructed on smaller farms and garden centers. Polyethylene film durability increased profoundly when more than effective UV-inhibitors were developed and added in the 1970s; these extended the usable life of the motion picture from ane or two years up to iii and eventually four or more than years.

Gutter-connected greenhouses became more prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s. These greenhouses have two or more trophy connected by a mutual wall, or row of support posts. Heating inputs were reduced as the ratio of floor area to outside wall surface area was increased substantially. Gutter-connected greenhouses are now normally used both in production and in situations where plants are grown and sold to the public as well. Gutter-connected greenhouses are normally covered with structured polycarbonate materials, or a double layer of polyethylene film with air blown betwixt to provide increased heating efficiencies.

Theory of operation [edit]

The warmer temperature in a greenhouse occurs because incident solar radiation passes through the transparent roof and walls and is absorbed past the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, the warmed air cannot escape via convection, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises. This differs from the earth-oriented theory known as the "greenhouse effect".[11] [12] [thirteen] [14]

Quantitative studies propose that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not negligibly small, and may accept economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of issues of most-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of reflection ended that installation of such screens reduced heat need past well-nigh viii%, and awarding of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-cogitating glass, or less effective but cheaper anti-cogitating coated unproblematic glass, as well produced savings.[15]

Ventilation [edit]

Ventilation is one of the most important components in a successful greenhouse. If at that place is no proper ventilation, greenhouses and their growing plants can get prone to problems. The primary purposes of ventilation is to regulate the temperature and humidity to the optimal level, and to ensure movement of air and thus prevent the build-upward of plant pathogens (such as Botrytis cinerea) that adopt still air conditions. Ventilation also ensures a supply of fresh air for photosynthesis and constitute respiration, and may enable important pollinators to admission the greenhouse crop.

Interior of a "hothouse" (or greenhouse) in Central Urban center Park, Macon, GA, circa 1877.

Ventilation can be achieved via the employ of vents – often controlled automatically via a computer – and recirculation fans.

Heating [edit]

Heating or electricity is one of the most considerable costs in the performance of greenhouses across the globe, especially in colder climates. The main problem with heating a greenhouse as opposed to a edifice that has solid opaque walls is the corporeality of heat lost through the greenhouse roofing. Since the coverings need to allow light to filter into the structure, they conversely cannot insulate very well. With traditional plastic greenhouse coverings having an R-value of around ii, a great corporeality of money is therefore spent to continually supercede the estrus lost. Nigh greenhouses, when supplemental oestrus is needed utilize natural gas or electric furnaces.

Passive heating methods exist which seek oestrus using low energy input. Solar free energy tin can be captured from periods of relative abundance (day time/summer), and released to heave the temperature during cooler periods (night time/wintertime). Waste material heat from livestock can also exist used to rut greenhouses, due east.g., placing a chicken coop within a greenhouse recovers the oestrus generated by the chickens, which would otherwise exist wasted.[ commendation needed ] Some greenhouses likewise rely on geothermal heating.[sixteen]

Cooling [edit]

Cooling is typically done by opening windows in the greenhouse when information technology gets too warm for the plants inside it. This can be done manually, or in an automated manner. Window actuators can open windows due to temperature difference or tin can be opened by electronic controllers. Electronic controllers are ofttimes used to monitor the temperature and adjusts the furnace operation to the conditions. This can be every bit uncomplicated every bit a bones thermostat, merely can be more than complicated in larger greenhouse operations.

For very hot situations, a shade house providing cooling past shade may be used.

Lighting [edit]

During the day, light enters the greenhouse via the windows and is used by the plants. Some greenhouses are likewise equipped with grow lights (ofttimes LED lights) which are switched on at night to increase the amount of low-cal the plants get, hereby increasing the yield with sure crops.[17]

Carbon dioxide enrichment [edit]

The benefits of carbon dioxide enrichment to about 1100 parts per million in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for virtually 100 years.[18] [19] [20] After the development of equipment for the controlled series enrichment of carbon dioxide, the technique was established on a broad scale in holland.[21] Secondary metabolites, eastward.yard., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in college amounts past greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.[22] Carbon dioxide enrichment can also reduce greenhouse water usage by a significant fraction by mitigating the full air-flow needed to supply adequate carbon for plant growth and thereby reducing the quantity of water lost to evaporation.[23] Commercial greenhouses are now often located most advisable industrial facilities for common benefit. For case, Cornerways Nursery in the U.k. is strategically placed near a major sugar refinery,[24] consuming both waste oestrus and COii from the refinery which would otherwise exist vented to atmosphere. The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the plant nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not demand to provide its own greenhouse heating.

Enrichment only becomes effective where, by Liebig's constabulary, carbon dioxide has become the limiting factor. In a controlled greenhouse, irrigation may be footling, and soils may be fertile by default. In less-controlled gardens and open fields, rising CO2 levels only increase primary production to the indicate of soil depletion (bold no droughts,[25] [26] [27] flooding,[28] or both[29] [30] [31] [32] [33]), as demonstrated prima facie past CO2 levels standing to rise. In addition, laboratory experiments, costless air carbon enrichment (Confront) test plots,[34] [35] and field measurements provide replicability.[36] [37]

Types [edit]

An old dilapidated greenhouse, where everything grows wild.

In domestic greenhouses, the glass used is typically 3mm (or ⅛″) 'horticultural glass' grade, which is good quality drinking glass that should not comprise air bubbles (which can produce scorching on leaves by acting like lenses).[38]

Plastics by and large used are polyethylene film and multiwall sheets of polycarbonate cloth, or PMMA acrylic glass.

Commercial glass greenhouses are often high-tech production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses are filled with equipment such as screening installations, heating, cooling and lighting, and may be automatically controlled past a computer.

Dutch Low-cal [edit]

In the Uk and other Northern European countries a pane of horticultural drinking glass referred to as "Dutch Light" was historically used as a standard unit of structure, having dimensions of 28¾″ x 56″ (approx. 730mm x 1422 mm). This size gives a larger glazed area when compared with using smaller panes such as the 600mm width typically used in mod domestic designs which then require more supporting framework for a given overall greenhouse size. A style of greenhouse having sloped sides (resulting in a wider base of operations than at eaves meridian) and using these panes uncut is also often referred to as of "Dutch Calorie-free design", and a cold frame using a full- or half-pane every bit being of "Dutch" or "half-Dutch" size.

Uses [edit]

Greenhouses let for greater control over the growing environment of plants. Depending upon the technical specification of a greenhouse, key factors which may be controlled include temperature, levels of low-cal and shade, irrigation, fertilizer application, and atmospheric humidity. Greenhouses may be used to overcome shortcomings in the growing qualities of a piece of land, such as a brusque growing season or poor calorie-free levels, and they tin thereby improve food production in marginal environments. Shade houses are used specifically to provide shade in hot, dry climates.[39] [40]

Greenhouses in Almería equally seen from space

As they may enable certain crops to exist grown throughout the year, greenhouses are increasingly of import in the nutrient supply of loftier-latitude countries. Ane of the largest complexes in the earth is in Almería, Andalucía, Espana, where greenhouses cover near 200 km2 (49,000 acres).[41]

Greenhouses are oft used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and transplants. Special greenhouse varieties of sure crops, such every bit tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production.

Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early on spring, and then transplanted outside equally the conditions warms. Seed tray racks can also be used to stack seed trays within the greenhouse for later transplanting outside. Hydroponics (particularly hydroponic A-frames) tin can exist used to brand the most use of the interior space when growing crops to mature size inside the greenhouse.

Bumblebees can exist used every bit pollinators for pollination, but other types of bees have also been used, also equally artificial pollination.

The relatively closed surround of a greenhouse has its own unique management requirements, compared with outdoor product. Pests and diseases, and extremes of temperature and humidity, accept to be controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. About greenhouses use sprinklers or baste lines. Significant inputs of heat and low-cal may exist required, peculiarly with winter product of warm-conditions vegetables.

Greenhouses also have applications outside of the agriculture manufacture. GlassPoint Solar, located in Fremont, California, encloses solar fields in greenhouses to produce steam for solar-enhanced oil recovery. For example, in November 2017 GlassPoint announced that it is developing a solar enhanced oil recovery facility nearly Bakersfield, CA that uses greenhouses to enclose its parabolic troughs.[42]

An "alpine house" is a specialized greenhouse used for growing tall plants. The purpose of an alpine house is to mimic the conditions in which alpine plants grow; particularly to provide protection from wet weather in winter. Tall houses are frequently unheated, since the plants grown there are hardy, or require at most protection from difficult frost in the winter. They are designed to have splendid ventilation.[43]

Adoption [edit]

Worldwide, in that location are an estimated 9 million acres of greenhouses.[44]

Netherlands [edit]

The Netherlands has some of the largest greenhouses in the world. Such is the scale of food production in the country that in 2000, greenhouses occupied ten,526 hectares, or 0.25% of the full country expanse.[ citation needed ]

Greenhouses began to be built in the Westland region of the netherlands in the mid-19th century. The addition of sand to bogs and clay soil created fertile soil for agriculture, and effectually 1850, grapes were grown in the first greenhouses, simple glass constructions with one of the sides consisting of a solid wall. By the early 20th century, greenhouses began to exist constructed with all sides built using glass, and they began to exist heated. This also allowed for the production of fruits and vegetables that did not ordinarily grow in the area. Today, the Westland and the surface area around Aalsmeer have the highest concentration of greenhouse agronomics in the world.[ commendation needed ] The Westland produces mostly vegetables, too plants and flowers; Aalsmeer is noted mainly for the product of flowers and potted plants. Since the 20th century, the surface area around Venlo and parts of Drenthe take also go important regions for greenhouse agriculture.

Since 2000, technical innovations include the "closed greenhouse", a completely airtight organisation allowing the grower complete command over the growing procedure while using less free energy. Floating greenhouses[ clarification needed ] are used in watery areas of the state.

The Netherlands has around iv,000 greenhouse enterprises that operate over 9,000 hectares[45] of greenhouses and apply some 150,000 workers, producing €7.two billion[46] worth of vegetables, fruit, plants, and flowers, some 80% of which is exported.[ citation needed ] [47] [48]

See as well [edit]

  • Bioshelter
  • Biosphere two
  • Conservatory (greenhouse)
  • Floriculture
  • Greenhouse gas
  • Loftier tunnel
  • IBTS Greenhouse
  • Phytotron
  • Plasticulture
  • Row encompass
  • Seasonal thermal energy storage
  • Seawater greenhouse
  • Tessellated roof
  • Vertical farming
  • Winter garden

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Bibliography [edit]

  • Francesco Pona: Il Paradiso de' Fiori overo Lo archetipo de' Giardini, 1622 Angelo Tamo, Verona (a manual of gardening with employ greenhouse for make Giardino all'italiana)
  • Cunningham, Anne S. (2000). Crystal palaces : garden conservatories of the United States. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, ISBN i-56898-242-9
  • Muijzenberg, Erwin W B van den (1980). A History of Greenhouses. Wageningen, Netherlands: Institute for Agricultural Engineering. OCLC 7164418.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus. A History of Building Types, Thames and Hudson, 1976 (1984 edn), ISBN 0500271747
  • Vleeschouwer, Olivier de (2001). Greenhouses and conservatories. Flammarion, Paris, ISBN 2-08-010585-X
  • Woods, May; Warren, Arete Swartz (1988). Glass houses: history of greenhouses, orangeries and conservatories. London: Aurum Printing. ISBN978-0-906053-85-0. OCLC 17108422.
  • Valera, D.Fifty.; Belmonte, L.J.; Molina, F.D.; López, A. (2016). Greenhouse agriculture in Almería. A comprehensive techno-economical analysis. Ed. Cajamar Caja Rural. 408pp.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Bakker, J.C. "Model Applications for Energy Efficient Greenhouses in the netherlands: Greenhouse Design, Operational Control and Decision Support Systems". International Social club for Horticultural Science. Retrieved 8 October 2012. (subscription required)
  • Campen, J.B. "Greenhouse Design: Applying CFD for Indonesian Atmospheric condition". International Society for Horticultural Science. Retrieved 8 October 2012. (subscription required)

External links [edit]

Media related to Greenhouses at Wikimedia Commons

What Are Greenhouses Used For,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse

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